Table of contents

  1. What is synctool

  2. Installation
    2.1 Installation dependencies
    2.2 Passwordless SSH
    2.3 Installing the software
    2.4 synctool configuration: nodes and groups
    2.5 Testing with dsh
    2.6 Your first synctool run
    2.7 Client installation

  3. Using synctool
    3.1 Populating the repository
    3.2 Adding actions to updates
    3.3 Other useful options
    3.4 Templates
    3.5 Purge directories
    3.6 The order of operations
    3.7 dsh-pkg, the synctool package manager
    3.8 Ignoring them: I’m not touching you
    3.9 Backup copies
    3.10 Logging
    3.11 About symbolic links
    3.12 Slow updates
    3.13 Checking for updates
    3.14 Running tasks with synctool
    3.15 Multiplexed connections

  4. All configuration parameters explained

  5. Best practices
    5.1 Use logical group names
    5.2 Future planning: Be mindful of group ‘all’
    5.3 Use group extensions on directories sparingly
    5.4 Do not manage the master node
    5.5 Managing multiple clusters with one synctool
    5.6 Use a tiered setup for large clusters
    5.7 Manage hosts behind a gateway

  6. Migrating to synctool 6
    6.1 Installing synctool 6
    6.2 Configuring synctool 6
    6.3 Updating the repository
    6.4 Updating templates
    6.5 Wrapping up

  7. Thank you
    7.1 Fun facts




1. What is synctool

synctool is a tool that can help you administer your cluster of computers. Its primary function is keeping configuration files ‘in sync’, i.e.: as they ought to be. Its core business is copying configuration files to groups (or classes) of computers within a cluster and comparing such files with a normative copy that you keep in a repository. The repository, by the way, is not some database system, but an ‘overlay’ directory tree in a file system, that looks very much like the directories of the managed target systems. The only things missing from the repository are the files and directories that you do not want or need synctool to manage. In the repository, you can manage directories with conventional UNIX tools — cp, mv, mkdir — or any tool you like, and you can edit files with the editor of preference.

There are other tools in existence that do the same thing as synctool, and ironically, none of them are as easy to understand and use as synctool. Perhaps this is so, because other tools try to do the same thing, among many other things as well. synctool does not try to be an all encompassing system administation tool, and does not have its own little scripting language to define your system in. It does not strive to automate all aspects of the system administrator’s work. Rather, it focuses on its core business only and concentrates on doing that very well. This is very much in line with the traditional UNIX design philosophy — and with common sense. The powerful set of now common shell tools grew by adding commands that were designed to do only specific tasks very well and to be used easily in combination with other tools that specialize in other tasks.

Because of that design philosophy:

In addition, synctool simplifies things by working with the following concepts:

synctool manages configuration files, not processes, and not full system installations. However, synctool comes with handy tools to run commands across the cluster and do synchronized updates of software packages.

synctool does not hide UNIX from you. Making clever use of synctool makes it a very powerful tool.

synctool started in 2003 and has since been in use with great success, doing real work at big computing sites. Hopefully, it will be of some value to you as well.




2. Installation

In synctool terminology, a node is a host, a computer in a group of computers. A group of computers is called a cluster.

2.1 Installation dependencies

synctool depends on a number of (fairly standard) programs:

If you got all that, it’s on to the next section.

2.2 Passwordless SSH

synctool requires passwordless SSH from the master node to each cluster node as root. If you need more information on how to set this up, please see the SSH documentation or just google around. I like to give you these tips:

If you want extra security, use a passphrase on the keypair and employ ssh-agent. Use ssh-add with a timeout. For sites with extra tight security, it is possible to configure ssh to run only specific (synctool) commands, or maybe you want to change the ssh_cmd in synctool’s configuration so that it runs a different command, one that does suit your security needs.

When passwordless SSH as root works, proceed to installing the software.

2.3 Installing the software

To install synctool on the master node, run setup.sh like so:

# ./setup.sh --installdir=/opt/synctool

The default location is /opt/synctool, which is a good place to put it. Note that synctool requires an ‘installdir’ directory of its own. The installdir is not the same as a prefix; whatever you do, do not install synctool directly under /usr or /usr/local. Use /usr/synctool or /usr/local/synctool instead, or better, stick with the default location. The rest of the documentation assumes the default /opt/synctool.

setup.sh creates the following directory structure:

/opt/synctool/bin/                  synctool commands
/opt/synctool/sbin/                 'system' programs
/opt/synctool/etc/                  configuration files
/opt/synctool/lib/                  libraries, modules
/opt/synctool/lib/synctool/
/opt/synctool/lib/synctool/main/
/opt/synctool/lib/synctool/pkg/
/opt/synctool/doc/                  documentation
/opt/synctool/scripts/              place to store your scripts
/opt/synctool/var/                  repository directory
/opt/synctool/var/overlay/
/opt/synctool/var/delete/
/opt/synctool/var/purge/

The doc/ directory contains a copy of this documentation. You may build the HTML documentation from the plain text sources by running setup.sh with --build-docs.

The following synctool commands will be made available in /opt/synctool/bin/:

synctool               Main command
dsh                    Run remote commands
dsh-pkg                Upgrade or install packages
dsh-ping               Check whether nodes are up
dsh-cp                 Copy files to nodes

synctool-client        Only run on target nodes
synctool-client-pkg    Only run on target nodes
synctool-config        Inspect the configuration
synctool-template      Useful command for .post scripts

Tip: Add /opt/synctool/bin to your PATH.

2.4 synctool configuration: nodes and groups

Copy the synctool.conf.example file to /opt/synctool/etc/synctool.conf. Edit synctool.conf, adjusting it as needed.

The file synctool.conf describes what your cluster looks like; what nodes have what roles, and how synctool can contact them. Think a bit about what role each machine has. There is no need to go into great depth right now; you can always adjust the configuration later.

node n1  group1 group2  ipaddress:machine-n01

The nodename is the ‘synctool name that the node has.’ It is in general the short hostname of the host, but in fact it can be anything you like. The nodename has nothing to do with hostnames or DNS entries. The ipaddress specifier tells synctool how to contact the node; this can be an IP address or a DNS name of the host you wish to contact. In clusters, there is often a management network interface — configure its IP address here. The ipaddress specifier is optional and only needed if the nodename does not exactly match the DNS name for contacting the remote host.

Directly following the node name, you can list groups. synctool uses the term ‘group’, but you can also think of them as node properties. You can make up as many different properties as you like. You can split long lines by ending them with a backslash:

node n101 workernode plasma mathworks solar \
      fsmounted backup debian  ipaddress:if0-n101

Mind that in practice, synctool repositories are generally easiest maintainable with as few groups as possible. Make sure to use logical names for logical groups, and use a top-down group structure. Make things easy on yourself.

If you have many nodes that all share the same long list of groups, the groups may be abbreviated by defining a compound group. This compound group must be defined before defining the nodes:

group wn workernode plasma mathworks solar \
     fsmounted backup

node n101  wn  debian  ipaddress:if0-n101

You have to add a node definition for each and every node in your cluster. If your nodes are neatly numbered (and for large clusters, they often are), you can make use of node ranges and IP address sequences, like so:

node n[001-100]  wn  debian  ipaddress:if0-n[001]
node n[101-200]  wn  debian  ipaddress:192.168.1.[20]

If you do have the luxury of a high performance shared filesystem on your cluster, you may put /opt/synctool/ on there and add rsync:no to the node definition lines in the config file to tell synctool not to run rsync. Mind that there are certain security implications with having a shared filesystem between management and production nodes.

Next, you have to tell synctool which node is the master management node. This is done by setting master to the fqdn (fully qualified domain name) of the management host.

master n1.mycluster.org

If you don’t know what the fqdn is, you can get it by running the command:

synctool-config --fqdn

If you want to manage the master node itself with synctool, you should also define it as a node. It is a matter of taste, but it is maybe better not to do so. If you choose not to manage the master node, it may be omitted from the configuration. You may also explicitly exclude it:

node n1 master           hostname:n1.mycluster.org
ignore_node n1

Beside a master node, you may also define slave nodes. Slaves are cold standby’s that get full copies of the synctool repository. A slave may be used as a failback in case your management host breaks down. Since there can be only one master node in a synctool cluster, slaves must be enabled ‘by hand’ by editing the config file and changing the master definition.

Previous versions of synctool had a masterdir setting. It no longer exists; the overlay directory now must reside under the synctool root, under /opt/synctool/var/.

You can test your synctool.conf with the command synctool-config. It’s more exciting however to test with dsh and actually run commands on the cluster.

2.5 Testing with dsh

After filling in a couple of nodes in synctool.conf, try the command dsh-ping to see if the nodes are ‘up’. If they are, try running the commands dsh hostname, dsh uptime, or dsh date. If you correctly set up passwordless SSH, dsh should run the commands on every node without problems or needed manual intervention. It is important that this works before proceeding.

Some (mostly IBM) systems already have a dsh command. Be mindful to start the correct dsh command.

See section 3.15 for a trick that greatly speeds up synctool and dsh using OpenSSH’s multiplexed connections capability.

2.6 Your first synctool run

Now that you have a rough setup on the master node, try running synctool to a single node:

synctool -n nodename

There should be some output message saying DRY RUN. This means that synctool is now working. You can try running synctool across all nodes:

synctool

Check that every node responds. If it doesn’t, go back to the step where we tested the setup using dsh. When synctool to every node works, the basic setup is done and you can start filling your repository with useful files.

2.7 Client installation

As you may have noticed, we never installed any client software on the nodes. There is no client installation step; the master node automatically updates synctool on the client nodes. The binaries needed for this are located under /opt/synctool/sbin/, and this directory gets synced to the nodes with rsync every time you run synctool.




3. Using synctool

The main power of synctool is the fact that you can define logical groups, and you can add these to a filename as a filename extension. This will result in the file being copied, only if the node belongs to the same group. The groups a node is in, are defined in the synctool.conf file. In the configuration file, the nodename is associated with one or more groups. The nodename itself can also be used as a group to indicate that a file belongs to that node.

Under the synctool root there are these interesting directories:

This is referred to as ‘the repository’.

The overlay/ tree contains files that have to be copied to the target nodes. When synctool detects a difference between a file on the system and a file in the overlay tree, the file will be copied from the overlay tree onto the node.

The delete/ tree contains files that always have to be deleted from the nodes. Only the filename matters, so it is alright if the files in this tree are only zero bytes in size.

The purge/ tree contains directories that are copied as-is to the nodes, and deleting any files on the target node that are unmanaged — files that should not be there.

synctool uses rsync to copy these trees to the node, and afterwards it runs the synctool-client command on that node. Note that it is perfectly possible to run synctool-client on a node by hand, in which case it will check its local copy of the repository. The client by itself will not synchronize with the master repository; synctool works with server push and not client pull.

Previously, synctool was located under /var/lib/synctool/. It worked for me (tm), except that the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) has various things to say about it:

  • thou shalt put configuration files under an etc/ directory;
  • thou shalt not execute programs from the /var partition;
  • /var may be mounted read-only;
  • programs that want to keep things together, should use /opt.

If you have difficulty with getting used to synctool’s new root, try this:

  • symlink /var/lib/synctool -> /opt/synctool/var
  • export overlay=/opt/synctool/var/overlay ; cd $overlay

3.1 Populating the repository

In the repository you will store all the important system configuration files of the cluster nodes. The overlay directory represents the root directory of the cluster nodes. By assigning an extension to a file in the repository, you can tell synctool what nodes should get what copy of a file. Consider this example:

/opt/synctool/var/overlay/all/
  etc/ntp.conf._all
  etc/ntp.conf._node1
  etc/ntp.conf._wn

Here, worker nodes (nodes tagged with group wn in synctool.conf) will get the file ntp.conf._wn for /etc/ntp.conf. Node node1 is special and gets a different file. All other nodes will get ntp.conf._all.

There is a special group named 'none'. Files with the extension ._none will be copied to no nodes at all. This can be convenient when you temporarily wish to ‘disable’ a file.

synctool responds to the directory directly under overlay/; it selects this subtree as a candidate when the node has a matching group. For example,

/opt/synctool/var/overlay/wn/
  etc/ntp.conf._all

this file will only be used on worker nodes because it resides in the overlay directory specific to the group wn.

Tip: Do not make group-specific overlay directories for each and every group. Instead, think about what subclusters you have, and arrange your repository accordingly. See also chapter 5 on Best Practices.

In synctool version 5, you would configure ‘overlaydir’ and synctool would still consider all overlay directories no matter what name the subdirectory had. In synctool 6, the group is strictly enforced and the subtree is synced to only those nodes that are in the group. Slave nodes are special; they get a full copy of the repository.

To populate the repository, you can scp files from nodes, or you can use synctool’s super convenient upload feature:

synctool -n node1 --upload /etc/ntp.conf
synctool -n node1 -u /etc/ntp.conf

synctool will automatically choose an extension for the file to save. If you disagree and want a different suffix, choose one:

synctool -n node1 --upload /etc/ntp.conf --suffix wn
synctool -n node1 -u /etc/ntp.conf -s wn

synctool will suggest the overlay directory where to put the file in the repository. If you disagree, use:

synctool -n node1 --upload /etc/ntp.conf --overlay mycluster
synctool -n node1 -u /etc/ntp.conf -o mycluster

By default synctool does a dry run. It will not do anything but show what would happen if this would not be a dry run. Add -f or --fix to really upload the file.

Now edit the the uploaded ntp.conf, make some changes and run synctool:

root@masternode:/# synctool
node1: DRY RUN, not doing any updates
node1: /etc/ntp.conf updated (file size mismatch)

Again, synctool does a dry run. It shows the file is going to be updated because there is a mismatch in the file size. Should the file size be the same, synctool will calculate an MD5 checksum to see whether the file was changed or not.

You may want to review your changes before applying them, or inspect the difference between the version in the repository with what’s currently installed on a node:

synctool -n node1 --diff /etc/ntp.conf
synctool -n node1 -d /etc/ntp.conf

This will present a UNIX ‘diff’ of the files. Note the destination path in the syntax of the command.

To apply the change, you could now run synctool with option --fix. But maybe it’s better to read on, we are going to have synctool automatically reload the ntpd after updating the ntp.conf file.

3.2 Adding actions to updates

Now I would like the ntpd to be automatically reloaded after I change the ntp.conf file. This is done by adding a trigger script, in synctool-speak known as a “.post” script.

Make a new file overlay/all/etc/ntp.conf.post and put only this line in it:

service ntp reload

Make the .post script executable: chmod +x ntp.conf.post.

The .post script will be run when the file changes:

root@masternode:/# synctool -f
node1: /etc/ntp.conf updated (file size mismatch)
node1: running command $overlay/all/etc/ntp.conf.post

The .post script is run after synctool updated the file, and likewise, you may also create a .pre script that runs before the update:

root@masternode:/# synctool -f
node1: running command $overlay/all/etc/ntp.conf.pre
node1: /etc/ntp.conf updated (file size mismatch)
node1: running command $overlay/all/etc/ntp.conf.post

The .pre and .post scripts are executed in the directory where the accompanying file resides; in this case /etc/. It is possible to add a group extension to the script, so that you can have one group of nodes perform different actions than another.

The scripts are run with sh -c. Note that /bin/sh is often not the same as bash, so some clever shell scripting tricks may not work. However, you can fix this by including “#!/bin/bash” in the top of the .post script.

In the environment you will find two variables that might be useful:

So expanding on that, $SYNCTOOL_ROOT/bin/ is the bindir, and the repository is found under $SYNCTOOL_ROOT/var/overlay/.

A .post script for a directory will trigger when any file in that directory changes. This is particularly useful for daemons that have multiple config files in a directory, such as conf.d, or, for example, /etc/cron.d. A .pre script for a directory will only trigger if the directory does not exist and will be created.

3.3 Other useful options

The option -q of synctool gives less output:

root@masternode:/# synctool -q
node3: /etc/xinetd.d/identd updated (file size mismatch)

If -q still gives too much output, because you have many nodes in your cluster, it is possible to specify -a to condense (aggregate) output. The condensed output groups together output that is the same for many nodes.

One of my favorite commands is synctool -qa. You may also use option -a to condense output from dsh, for example

# dsh -a date

# dsh-ping -a

The option -f or --fix applies all changes. Always be sure to run synctool at least once as a dry run! (without -f). Mind that synctool does not lock the repository and does not guard against concurrent use by multiple sysadmins at once. In practice, this hardly ever leads to any problems.

To update only a single file rather than all files, use the option --single or -1 (that’s a number one, not the letter ell). You may give multiple --single options to update multiple files at once.

If you want to check what file synctool is using for a given destination file, use option -ref or -r:

root@masternode:/# synctool -q -n node1 -r /etc/resolv.conf
node1: /etc/resolv.conf._somegroup

synctool can be run on a subset of nodes, a group, or even on individual nodes using the options --node or -n, --group or -g, --exclude or -x, and --exclude-group or -X. This also works for dsh and friends, and you may use the range syntax to select a range of nodes. For example:

# synctool -g batch,sched -X rack8

More examples:

# dsh -n node1,node2,node3 date
# dsh -n node[1-3] date
# dsh -n node[01-10] -x node[05-07] hostname
# dsh -n node[02-10/2,05,07] hostname

Copy a file to three nodes:

# dsh-cp -n node[1-3] patchfile-1.0.tar.gz /tmp

After rebooting a cluster, use dsh-ping to see if the nodes respond to ping yet. You may also do this on a group of nodes:

# dsh-ping -g rack4

The option -v gives verbose output. This is another way of displaying the logic that synctool performs:

# synctool -v
node3: checking $overlay/all/etc/tcpd_banner.production._all
node3: overridden by $overlay/all/etc/tcpd_banner.production._batch
node3: checking $overlay/all/etc/issue.net.production._all
node3: checking $overlay/all/etc/syslog.conf._all
node3: checking $overlay/all/etc/issue.production._all
node3: checking $overlay/all/etc/modules.conf._all
node3: checking $overlay/all/etc/hosts.allow.production._interactive
node3: skipping $overlay/all/etc/hosts.allow.production._interactive,
it is not one of my groups

The option --unix produces UNIX-style output. This shows in standard shell syntax just what synctool is about to do.

root@masternode:/# synctool --unix
node3: # updating file /etc/xinetd.d/identd
node3: mv /etc/xinetd.d/identd /etc/xinetd.d/identd.saved
node3: umask 077
node3: cp /var/lib/synctool/overlay/etc/xinetd.d/identd._all
/etc/xinetd.d/identd
node3: chown root.root /etc/xinetd.d/identd
node3: chmod 0644 /etc/xinetd.d/identd

synctool does not apply changes by executing shell commands; all operations are programmed in Python. The option --unix is only a way of displaying what synctool does, and may be useful when debugging.

The option -T option produces terse output. In terse mode, long paths are abbreviated in an attempt to fit them on a single line of 80 characters wide. Terse mode can be made to give colored output through synctool.conf.

root@masternode# synctool -n n1 -T
n1: DRYRUN not doing any updates
n1: mkdir /Users/walter/src/.../testroot/etc/cron.daily
n1: new /Users/walter/src/.../testroot/etc/cron.daily/testfile
n1: exec //overlay/Users/.../testroot/etc/cron.daily.post

Note that these abbreviated paths can still be copy-and-pasted and used with other synctool commands like --single and --diff. synctool will recognize the abbreviated path and expand it on the fly. In the case of any name clashes synctool will report this and present a list of possibilities for you to consider.

The option --skip-rsync skips the rsync run that copies the repository from the master to the client node. You may use this option when you are absolutely certain that the master and client are already in sync, for example if you just ran synctool to examine any changes. In general, this option is unnecessary, but it may be efficient if you are working with slow network links or a large synctool repository.

3.4 Templates

For ‘dynamic’ config files, synctool has a feature called templates. There are a number of rather standard configuration files that (for example) require the IP address of a node to be listed. These are not particularly synctool friendly. You are free to upload each and every unique instance of the config file in question into the repository, however, if your cluster is large this does not make your repository look very nice, nor does it make them any easier to handle. Instead, make a template and couple it with a ._template.post script that calls synctool-template to generate the config file on the node.

As an example, I will use a fictional snippet of config file, but this trick applies to things like sshd_config with a specific ListenAddress in it, and network configuration files that have static IPs configured.

# fiction.conf._template
MyPort 22
MyIPAddress @IPADDR@
SomeOption no
PrintMotd yes

And the accompanying fiction.conf._template.post script:

#! /bin/sh
IPADDR=`ifconfig en0 | awk '/inet / { print $2 }'`
export IPADDR
/opt/synctool/bin/synctool-template "$1" >"$2"

This example uses ifconfig to get the IP address of the node. You may also use the ip addr command, consult DNS or you might be able to use synctool-config to get what you need.

The synctool-template command takes as input the template file (“$1“) and redirects the output to a newly generated file (“$2“). The “$2” on the last line expands to fiction.conf._nodename. Hence, synctool generates a new config file in the repository. It does so even on dry runs; you can ask synctool to display a diff of fiction.conf even though it is templated.

Note not to redirect the output of synctool-template directly over the target file. Doing that is destructive and wrong; it defies synctool’s dry-run mode and keeps you from being able to review changes, a core function of synctool.

Instead of using synctool-template, you might use the UNIX sed command. If you have multiple variables to replace, synctool-template is more easy. synctool-template accepts variables either from the command-line or from the shell environment. Like with regular .post scripts, the environment variables SYNCTOOL_NODE and SYNCTOOL_ROOT are also present here. However unlike regular .post scripts, template post scripts require a #! hashbang line. This is required for shell arguments (like “$1“, “$2“) to work.

Now, when you want to change the configuration, edit the template file. synctool will fill in the template and see the difference with the target file.

Template files and template post scripts can have group extensions to select different templates for certain groups of nodes.

If you want to automatically reload or restart a service after updating fiction.conf, you’ll also have to implement a regular .post script for that: fiction.conf.post.

3.5 Purge directories

In the previous sections we saw how you can use the overlay/ and delete/ trees to manage your cluster. synctool has a third mechanism of syncing files, and it works with the purge/ tree. Purge directories are great for mirroring entire directory trees to groups of nodes.

Unlike with the overlay/ tree, files in the purge/ tree do not have group extensions. Instead, synctool will copy the entire subtree and it will delete any files on the target node that do not reside in the source tree. So, it will make a perfect mirror of the source under purge/.

To populate the purge/ tree, use --upload with the --purge option:

# synctool -n n1 --upload /usr/local --purge compute
# synctool -n n1 -u /usr/local -p compute

In this example, we want to upload the entire /usr/local tree from node n1 to the repository directory /opt/synctool/var/purge/compute/. Afterwards, all compute nodes will get /usr/local synced via the purge mechanism by running synctool -f.

Purging is a blunt but effective means to synchronise directory trees. Mind that it will delete data that is not supposed to be there, so be careful with this feature. For added safety, synctool will not allow you to purge the root directory of a system.

Under the hood, synctool employs rsync to purge files. Hence, you can not trigger actions through .post scripts in the purge directory, but it is possible to use synctool --diff, --ref, and even --single with files that reside under purge/.

Remember that purging is for making perfect mirrors. It is like sharing a directory across nodes. Once you start differentiating directory content between nodes, “purge” will no longer work in a satisfying way; in such a case, you should really use overlay/ rather than purge/.

dsh-cp also has an option --purge to quickly mirror directories across nodes. Use with care.

3.6 The order of operations

The previous sections described a lot of operations that synctool performs when it runs. This section summarises what we have seen so far. For a normal synctool run, the order of operations is roughly as follows.

  1. synchronise the synctool installdir to each node. This synchronises the repository as well as the main program and config file. Any subtrees under overlay, delete, and purge that do not apply for the target node, are excluded.
  2. run synctool-client on the nodes
  3. synctool-client mirrors the purge directory
  4. synctool-client processes the overlay directory;
    • generate templates by running .template.post scripts
    • compare files
      • check filetype
      • check file size
      • check MD5 checksum
      • check file ownership
      • check file mode
    • make backup copies
    • update files as needed
    • run .post script for any updated files
    • run .post script (if any) for changed directories
  5. synctool-client deletes files listed in the delete directory
    • run .post script (if any) for deleted files
    • run .post script (if any) for changed directories

3.7 dsh-pkg, the synctool package manager

synctool comes with a package manager named dsh-pkg. Rather than being yet another package manager with its own format of packages, dsh-pkg is a wrapper around existing package management software. dsh-pkg unifies all the different package managers out there so you can operate any of them using just one command and the same set of command-line arguments. This is particularly useful in heterogeneous clusters or when you are working with multiple platforms or distributions.

dsh-pkg supports a number of different package management systems and will detect the appropriate package manager for the operating system of the node. If detection fails, you may force the package manager on the command-line or in synctool.conf:

package_manager apt-get
#package_manager yum
#package_manager zypper
#package_manager pacman
#package_manager brew
#package_manager pkg
#package_manager bsdpkg

dsh-pkg knows about more platforms and package managers, but currently only the ones listed above are implemented and supported.

dsh-pkg is pluggable. Adding support for other package management systems is rather easy. If your platform and/or favorite package manager is not yet supported, feel free to develop your own plug-in for dsh-pkg or contact the author of synctool.

The pkg module is for FreeBSD, use bsdpkg on other BSD systems.

Following are examples of how to use synctool-pkg.

dsh-pkg -n node1 --list
dsh-pkg -n node1 --list wget
dsh-pkg -g batch --install lynx wget curl
dsh-pkg -g batch -x node3 --remove somepackage

Sometimes you need to refresh the contents of the local package database. You can do this with the ‘update’ command:

dsh-pkg -qa --update

You may check for software upgrades for the node with --upgrade. This will only show what upgrades are available. To really upgrade a node, specify --fix. It is wise to always test an upgrade on a single node.

dsh-pkg --upgrade
dsh-pkg -n testnode --upgrade -f
dsh-pkg --upgrade -f

Package managers download their packages into an on-disk cache. Sometimes the disk fills up and you may want to clean out the disk cache:

dsh-pkg -qa --clean

A specific package manager may be selected from the command-line.

dsh-pkg -m yum -i somepackage   # force it to use yum

If you want to further examine what dsh-pkg is doing, you may specify --verbose or --unix to display more information about what is going on under the hood.

3.8 Ignoring them: I’m not touching you

By using directives in the synctool.conf file, synctool can be told to ignore certain files, nodes, or groups. These will be excluded, skipped. For example:

ignore_dotfiles no
ignore_dotdirs yes
ignore .svn
ignore .gitignore .git
ignore .*.swp

synctool will not run on ignored nodes or on nodes that are in a group that is ignored:

ignore_node node1 node2
ignore_group broken

3.9 Backup copies

For any file synctool updates, it keeps a backup copy around on the target node with the extension .saved. If you don’t like this, you can tell synctool to not make any backup copies with:

backup_copies no

It is however highly recommended that you run with backup_copies enabled. You can manually specify that you want to remove backup copies using:

synctool --erase-saved
synctool -e

To erase a single .saved file, use option --single in combination with --erase-saved.

For some (Linux) directories like /etc/cron.d/ and /etc/xinet.d/, it is not OK to keep .saved files around because it influences how the daemons function. For these directories it is recommended that you implement a .post script that removes the backup copies, like so:

# $overlay/all/etc/xinetd.d.post
rm -f *.saved
service xinetd reload

Alternatively, you may want to move the backup copies to a safe location.

3.10 Logging

When using option --fix to apply changes, synctool logs the made changes to syslog on the master node. It provides a trace of what was changed on the systems. On large clusters, this may produce a lot of log records. If you don’t want any logging, you can disable it in synctool.conf:

syslogging no

When you do use syslogging, you may want to split off the synctool messages to a separate file like /var/log/synctool.log. Please see your syslogd manual on how to do this. In the contrib/ directory in the synctool source, you will find config files for use with syslog-ng and logrotate.

3.11 About symbolic links

synctool requires all files in the repository to have an extension (well … unless you changed the default configuration), and symbolic links must have extensions too. Symbolic links in the repository will be dead symlinks but they will point to the correct destination on the target node.

Consider the following example, where file does not exist ‘as is’ in the repository:

$overlay/all/etc/motd._red -> file
$overlay/all/etc/file._red

In the repository, motd._red is a red & dead symlink to file. On the target node, /etc/motd is going to be fine.

3.12 Slow updates

By default, synctool addresses the nodes in parallel, and they are running updates concurrently. In some cases, like when doing rolling upgrades, you will not want to have this parallelism. There are two easy ways around this.

dsh --numproc=1 uptime
dsh -p 1 uptime

dsh --zzz=10 uptime
dsh -z 10 uptime

The first one tells synctool (or in this case, dsh) to run only one process at a time. The second does the same thing, and sleeps for ten seconds after running the command.

Suppose you have a 60 node cluster, and run with --zzz=60. You now have to wait at least one hour for the run to complete.

The options --numproc and --zzz work for both synctool and dsh programs.

3.13 Checking for updates

synctool can check whether a new version of synctool itself is available by using the option --check-update on the master node. You can check periodically for updates by using --check-update in a crontab entry. To download the latest version, run synctool --download on the master node. These functions connect to the main website at www.heiho.net/synctool.

3.14 Running tasks with synctool

synctool’s dsh command is ideal for running commands on groups of nodes. On occasion, you will also want to run custom scripts with dsh. These scripts can be placed in scripts/, and dsh will find them. When running a command that resides under scripts/, dsh will sync this script to the target node prior to running the command on the remote side. This is done to make sure that always the ‘current’ version of the script runs on the target node.

For example, if you have a script /opt/synctool/scripts/admin_example.sh then you might run:

dsh -n node1 admin_example.sh

No path to the script is required; dsh will find it.

Previous versions had a tasks/ directory under the repository and you could invoke synctool with the --tasks option. This mechanism has been obsoleted by dsh and the scripts/ directory.

Note that you can write scripts to do software package installations, but you may also use the dsh-pkg command.

3.15 Multiplexed connections

synctool and dsh can multiplex SSH connections over a ‘master’ connection. This feature greatly speeds up synctool and dsh because it allows skipping the costly SSL handshake. Multiplexing is started through dsh:

dsh -M          # start master connections
dsh -O check    # check master connections
dsh -O stop     # stop master connections
dsh -O exit     # terminate master connections

You may also do this for certain groups or nodes, like so:

dsh -g all -M
dsh -n node1 -O check

synctool will detect any open control paths and use them if they are present. The control paths (socket files) to each node are kept under synctool’s temp directory (by default: /tmp/synctool/sshmux/). These control paths are managed by ssh mux processes that are running in the background. If your cluster is very large, you might find the large number of ssh mux processes on the management node to be objectionable. These processes are mostly sleeping so it shouldn’t pose a problem. The control paths may be given a timeout by using the config parameter ssh_control_persist. Note that this parameter is only supported for OpenSSH 5.6 and later. The timeout may also be specified on the command-line:

dsh -M --persist 4h

The ControlMaster and ControlPath options of ssh first appeared in OpenSSH version 3.9. synctool also supports ControlPersist, which is present in OpenSSH version 5.6 and later. See man ssh_config for more information on these OpenSSH options.




4. All configuration parameters explained

This chapter lists and explains all parameters that you can use in synctool’s configuration file.




5. Best practices

This chapter contains tips, tricks and examples of how to make good use of synctool.

5.1 Use logical group names

synctool allows you to use nodenames as extension on files in the repository. This is nice because it allows you to easily differentiate for a single node. However, it is much better practice to put that node in a certain group, and let it be the only member of that group. Now label the file as belonging to that group, and you’re done.

Bad:

overlay/all/etc/hosts.allow._all
overlay/all/etc/hosts.allow._node1
overlay/all/etc/motd._all
overlay/all/etc/motd._node1

Good:

overlay/mycluster/etc/hosts.allow._all
overlay/mycluster/etc/hosts.allow._login
overlay/mycluster/etc/motd._all
overlay/mycluster/etc/motd._login

The advantage is that you will be able to shift the service to another node simply by changing the synctool configuration, rather than having to rename all files in the repository.

5.2 Future planning: Be mindful of group ‘all’

synctool has this great group ‘all’ that applies to all nodes. One day, however, you decide to add a new machine to your cluster that has a pretty different role than any other. (Not) suprisingly, synctool will want to apply all files tagged as all to the new node — but in this case, it’s exactly not what you want.

The problem is that all is too generic, and the solution is to rename overlay/all/ to something else, such as overlay/common/, or better yet, overlay/subcluster1/. This moves all out of the way and you can integrate your new node in a better way.

The lesson here is that overlay/all/ is a nice catch-all directory, but it’s maybe best left unused. It’s perfectly OK for files to be tagged as ._all, but they really should be placed in a group-specific overlay directory.

5.3 Use group extensions on directories sparingly

synctool allows you to add a group extension to a directory, like so:

$overlay/all/etc._mygroup/

This is a powerful feature. However, it can make a mess of your repository as well. If you catch yourself having to use find all the time to pinpoint the location of a file in the repository, chances are that you making things harder on yourself than ought to be.

Maybe it is better structured as:

$overlay/mygroup/etc/

but maybe it is better structured as:

$overlay/all/etc/somefile._all
$overlay/all/etc/somefile._mygroup

The main message is “keep it simple”. Try not to use too many group directories, because it makes things complicated.

5.4 Do not manage the master node

It is recommended that you do not manage the master node with synctool. The reason is that it makes things more complicated when you choose to put the configuration of your master node under control of synctool.

Why is this? It is mainly because synctool by default works on ‘all’ nodes, and for some reason it is unnatural when ‘all’ includes the master node too. Imagine calling dsh reboot to reboot all nodes, and pulling down the master with you (in the middle of the process, so you may not even succeed at rebooting all nodes).

It often means doing double work; the config files of the master node tend to differ from the ones on your nodes. It is good practice though to label the master node as master, and to simply ignore it:

node n01 master
ignore_group master

It’s also OK to leave the master node out of the configuration altogether. (Here, ‘master’ is a group, not to be confused with the master keyword that defines the master node. Are you still with me?)

If you still want to manage the master with synctool, do as you must. Just be sure to call dsh -X master reboot when you want to reboot your cluster.

5.5 Managing multiple clusters with one synctool

It is really easy to manage just one cluster with one synctool. This means that your repository will contain files that apply only to that cluster. In reality, you may have only one management host for managing multiple clusters, or you may have several subclusters in a single cluster.

Managing such a setup with synctool used to be hard & hackish, but since version 6 it is only a matter of using groups in the right way.

Add all clusters to the synctool repository as you would with adding more nodes. Create a group for each (sub)cluster. For each clustergroup, add a directory overlay/cluster/, so you can handle them independently whenever you wish to. Your repository will look like this:

$overlay/all/
$overlay/cluster1/
$overlay/cluster2/
$overlay/cluster3/

If you tend to reinstall systems a lot with different operating systems, it may be a good idea to create per OS groups. This also helps when upgrading to new OS releases.

$overlay/wheezy/
$overlay/centos64/
$overlay/sles11sp2/

Note that files under these directories can still be marked ._all, synctool will select the correct file as long as you tag the node with the right group.

Decide for yourself what files should go under what directory, and what layout works best for you.

5.6 Use a tiered setup for large clusters

If you have a large cluster consisting of hundreds or thousands (or maybe more) nodes, you will run into a scaling issue at the master node. synctool doesn’t care how many nodes you manage with it, but doing a synctool run to a large number of nodes will take considerable time. You can increase the num_proc parameter to have synctool do more work in parallel, but this will put more load on your master node. To manage such a large cluster with synctool, a different approach is needed.

The solution is to make a tiered setup. In such a setup, the master node syncs to other master nodes (for example, the first node in a rack), which in turn sync to subsets of nodes. Script it along these lines:

#! /bin/bash

for rack in $RACKS
do
    # give rackmasters a full copy of the repos
    rsync -a --delete /opt/synctool/ ${rack}-n1:/opt/synctool/

    # run synctool on rackmaster
    dsh -n ${rack}-n1 --no-nodename \
      /opt/synctool/bin/synctool -g $rack "$@"
done &
wait

So, the master node syncs to ‘rack masters’, and the rack masters in turn run synctool on their subset of nodes. In the config, the nodes are grouped by rack. The option --no-nodename is used with dsh to make the output come out right. You also still need to manage the rack masters — with synctool, from the master node.

A slightly different solution is to make use of slave nodes; the master syncs full copies only to slaves; next, the slaves manage the nodes. This requires having multiple config files (eg, one per rack) and scripting it so that it uses the correct config file for each rack.

synctool -c slaves.conf "$@"
for rack in $RACKS
do
    dsh -n ${rack}-n1  --no-nodename \
      synctool -c confs/${rack}.conf "$@"
done

This tip is mentioned here mostly for completeness; I recommend running with a setup like this only if you are truly experiencing problems due to the scale of your cluster. There are security implications to consider when giving nodes a full copy of the repository. It depends on your situation whether it is acceptable to run like this.

5.7 Manage hosts behind a gateway

As synctool relies on ssh authentication you can easily manage hosts that are not directly available. Imagine this setup:

synctool-master-node
    |
Internet
    |
gateway.your.domain
    |
    + privatenode1
    + privatenode2

You need to set up your ssh connection as follows in /root/.ssh/config:

Host *.intra.your.domain
    ProxyCommand ssh gateway.your.domain -W %h:22

Add your hosts in synctool.conf:

node privatenode1 group1 group2 ipaddress:privatenode1.intra.your.domain
node privatenode2 group1 group2 ipaddress:privatenode2.intra.your.domain

Of course this requires also a proper DNS setup for your intra zone at gateway.your.domain




6. Migrating to synctool 6

This chapter may be of importance if you already are using an older version of synctool, and wish to upgrade to synctool 6. Everything you need to know is really in the previous chapters, so some sound advice: read the manual! Other than that, this chapter gives some pointers on how to lift your installation up to level 6.

First of all, this is a big upgrade so be sure you have some time on your hands. It is recommended that your current synctool setup is ‘clean’, does not produce any errors, and that your cluster is ‘in sync’ (ie. there are no pending changes). It is also recommended that you first read through this chapter (and/or the entire manual) before taking any action.

This chapter assumes your old synctool repository is /var/lib/synctool/. The programs are under /opt/synctool/.

6.1 Installing synctool 6

Log on to the master node. The first step is to move the old synctool dir out of the way:

mv /opt/synctool /opt/synctool.old

Install synctool 6 as described in chapter 2. This boils down to:

./setup.sh -f

This installs the programs under /opt/synctool/ and creates a new, empty repository under /opt/synctool/var/. Let’s leave it empty for now, first go configure synctool 6.

6.2 Configuring synctool 6

The old config file is /var/lib/synctool/synctool.conf. The new config file will be /opt/synctool/etc/synctool.conf, but you can’t just copy it in place and expect it to work. The reason is that some config parameters have changed; some were dropped and new ones have been added. The best thing to do is to take /opt/synctool/etc/synctool.conf.example and adapt it.

cd /opt/synctool/etc
cp synctool.conf.example synctool.conf
editor_of_choice synctool.conf

Fill in all the parameters the way you want them. synctool uses sensible defaults for most parameters; these are commented in the example config. You must set the master_node.

Delete the obvious example groups and nodes; copy over the group and node definitions from your old synctool.conf in the /var/lib/synctool/ directory. As shown in the example config, if your nodes are neatly numbered, the node config lines can be greatly shortened by using the new node range syntax.

Comment the ignore_node and ignore_group lines or set them like they were in the old synctool.conf.

The rest of the config file are reasonable defaults. Leave them be or change them to match the old synctool.conf.

If you had any on_update lines in the old config, these must be converted to .post scripts; .post scripts are the only way to trigger actions on updates in synctool 6.

You are now set to try out the new config with synctool-config and/or dsh.

For more information on configuring synctool, see chapter 2 and chapter 4.

6.3 Updating the repository

If the configuration is working, it is safe to run synctool. This will install synctool 6 on the entire cluster. But wait … the repository is still empty …? Indeed, and thus synctool won’t make any changes to the nodes — other than automatically upgrading synctool itself.

The repository works a little different in synctool 6. In synctool 5 you had the option of configuring multiple overlay dirs. This was nothing more than logical grouping of files, synctool would sync all overlay dirs onto each node. In synctool 6, the overlay dir is divided by group, and nodes only get copy of a relevant subtree. Learn more about it in chapter 3.

In general, you should be able to do this:

This is the quick and dirty way. It is more safe however to carefully go through the old repository and copy them to the correct place in the new repository.

Run synctool on a single node, see what it does. Fix any errors and iterate. When all is well, run synctool over groups of nodes and eventually the entire cluster.

Go over the same process for the delete/ tree.

The tasks/ tree no longer exists. If you have any scripts under tasks/, you may move them to /opt/synctool/scripts/ (without group extension). They can now be run using dsh. See chapter 3 for more information.

synctool should now largely already work.

6.4 Updating templates

In older versions of synctool you could generate config files by pulling a trick with a template file and a .post script. This trick is now built into synctool, and it uses a ._template file and an accompanying ._template.post script. A big advantage of this new templating system is that you can do a proper dry run, and use synctool --diff to examine any changes made to the config file that is installed and active on the node; this was previously not possible with templated files.

To adapt to the new template system, seek out any template files you have, and rename them to have extension ._template. Rename the matching .post script to ._template.post. Next, edit the ._template.post script, and change it to call synctool-template:

/opt/synctool/bin/synctool-template "$1" >"$2"

You should probably also set a variable to make it work. See chapter 3 for more information on how to operate templates.

You can use dsh rm or the delete/ tree to clean up any old .template files that are still floating around in your system.

6.5 Wrapping up

The migration to synctool 6 is now finished. After a week or so, you should feel confident enough to delete the old repository /var/lib/synctool/. synctool 6 does not use it. The quickest way to dispose of it is:

# delete old repos from cluster nodes
dsh -g all rm -rf /var/lib/synctool
# delete old repos from master node
rm -rf /var/lib/synctool

There is more to synctool 6 than this; you might want to make use of the new ‘purge’ feature, or use the new options for uploading files, or use dsh-pkg to upgrade software packages, or configure slave nodes, or go multi-cluster with synctool, or configure syslogging, or try out multiplexed connections, or … Read all about it in this manual.




7. Thank you

A big thanks goes out to all synctool users. You know who you are (!) Special thanks go to those whom I’ve had e-mail conversations with about synctool, and those at github who have made good suggestions for improving synctool. And last but not least, very special thanks go to those who contributed to synctool in one way or another. synctool would not be what it is today without your contributions.

If you also want to contribute to synctool, drop me an e-mail. If you are a programmer who likes to contribute to the development of synctool, please fork the github project and issue pull requests. If you don’t know how git works, patches in diff -u format are always welcome too. However, I highly recommend git and github.

7.1 Fun facts

Some fun facts about synctool 6: